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concrete durability problems

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  • Concrete — This article is about the construction material. For other uses, see Concrete (disambiguation). Outer view of the Roman Pantheon, still the largest unreinforced solid concrete dome.[1] …   Wikipedia

  • Reinforced concrete — is concrete in which reinforcement bars ( rebars ), reinforcement grids, plates or fibers have been incorporated to strengthen the concrete in tension. It was invented by French gardener Joseph Monier in 1849 and patented in 1867.[1] The term… …   Wikipedia

  • Protection of exposed concrete — is necessary to prolong its service life. A 120 year design life for concrete infrastructure has become increasingly common. Without early preventive maintenance this design life target may be optimistic. The design service life of reinforced… …   Wikipedia

  • Steel plate shear wall — A steel plate shear wall (SPSW) consists of steel infill plates bounded by a column beam system. Overview When these infill plates occupy each level within a framed bay of a structure, they constitute an SPSW [Kharrazi, M.H.K., 2005, “Rational… …   Wikipedia

  • harbours and sea works — Introduction harbour also spelled  harbor        any part of a body of water and the manmade structures surrounding it that sufficiently shelters a vessel from wind, waves, and currents, enabling safe anchorage or the discharge and loading of… …   Universalium

  • Business and Industry Review — ▪ 1999 Introduction Overview        Annual Average Rates of Growth of Manufacturing Output, 1980 97, Table Pattern of Output, 1994 97, Table Index Numbers of Production, Employment, and Productivity in Manufacturing Industries, Table (For Annual… …   Universalium

  • architecture — /ahr ki tek cheuhr/, n. 1. the profession of designing buildings, open areas, communities, and other artificial constructions and environments, usually with some regard to aesthetic effect. Architecture often includes design or selection of… …   Universalium

  • building construction — Techniques and industry involved in the assembly and erection of structures. Early humans built primarily for shelter, using simple methods. Building materials came from the land, and fabrication was dictated by the limits of the materials and… …   Universalium

  • T. V. S. R. Appa Rao — T.V.S.R. Appa Rao is a scientist from India. He is an Emeritus Scientist with over 40 years of experience in Research Development in the areas of structural analysis design, testing, and failure investigations including those due to natural… …   Wikipedia

  • Fly ash — Photomicrograph made with a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM): Fly ash particles at 2,000x magnification Fly ash is one of the residues generated in combustion, and comprises the fine particles that rise with the flue gases. Ash which does not… …   Wikipedia

  • Corrosion — v · d · e Materials failure modes Buckling · …   Wikipedia

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